Lumina, the program behind the simulation, catalogs 2 billion years of cosmic time and represents a decent chunk of the 13.8 billion-year-old history of our universe. The results were published Monday (Oct. 26) in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
A video published alongside the paper shows what the scientists saw. The team zoomed in on an area roughly 1.6 billion light-years wide to learn more about how the ingredients of space create galaxies.
This section of the Lumina simulation shows the gas temperature in different parts of the early universe, with redder areas showing active galaxy clusters. (Image credit: Lumina simulation)Lighting up the Cosmic Dark Age
The video begins in the middle of this epoch, at roughly 45 million years after the Big Bang. Zooming in on one small part of the simulated universe, it slowly reveals a gassy halo giving way to young galaxies shining brightly within it. Included in the calculations are dark matter, stars, gas and radiation — all contributing to the reemergence of cosmic light.
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Hydrogen reionization took place when ultraviolet light from young stars and galaxies hit the hydrogen, removing negatively charged electrons from the hydrogen molecules — a process that also allowed light to shine through the fog. Helium reionization happened when supermassive black holes, which have a lot of energy, broke apart neutral helium molecules.
The team said the simulation could eventually be used to validate telescope observations of the early universe, especially those focused on mapping many galaxies at the same time.
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