The machine, built by engineers at Saxon Q, is a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum computer, meaning it uses defects in synthetic diamonds as quantum bits (qubits) to perform quantum operations. Qubits can be manipulated to represent the 0s and 1s of data, as well as quantum states that are superpositions of both the 0s and the 1s.
Although the technology existed before this debut, scientists have found it difficult to build systems beyond 10 qubits due to the difficulty of creating nitrogen vacancy qubits.
In the 1970s, scientists discovered that certain diamonds shone with a brilliant red light when illuminated in a specific way. Subsequent research determined that the optical shift was caused by annealing radiation damage that attracted isolated substitutional nitrogen atoms. In other words, nature occasionally produces a diamond that has a nitrogen atom where a carbon atom should be.
Functionally, the single nitrogen atoms inside the vacancies act as if they were "trapped," and their electrons can "spin" independently of the electrons inside the surrounding carbon atoms.
We have a fully functioning quantum computer.
Marius Grundmann, a professor of experimental physics at Leipzig University and co-founder of Saxon Q, said the breakthrough that allowed his firm to push past the 10-qubit barrier was a materials discovery.
In other words, by co-implanting sulfur atoms, the Saxon Q researchers can express greater control over the individual qubits. Once the qubits are set with lasers and subjected to microwave pulses, they're ready for error correction. In a statement, Saxon Q representatives said the qubits achieved a 99.92% fidelity rate — fewer than one error per 1,000 operations — before error correction.
Room-temperature quantum computing
It's difficult to compare Saxon Q's diamond-based NV systems with more established quantum computing platforms, such as superconducting qubits. Most recent research on NV systems has focused on quantum sensing applications, though at least one preprint study discusses hybrid NV/superconducting systems.
If the Saxon Q systems ultimately prove comparable to existing solid-state quantum computing architectures, they'd be among the first generation of room-temperature quantum computers to reach performance similar to systems that require cryogenics and on-site monitoring.
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Research comparing solid-state quantum systems indicates that superconducting quantum computers would typically operate faster than diamond-based NV systems. It's unclear, however, what the trade-off between processing speed and cloud latency would be or whether it could be addressed through scaling.
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