A dramatic transformation has taken place along one of Hawaii’s most rugged coastlines after an iconic 90-foot natural landmark collapsed into the Pacific Ocean.
Hōlei Sea Arch, located in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island, is no longer standing, the National Park Service announced on Oct. 1.
The massive lava rock formation was still standing on Wednesday, Sept. 23, but had collapsed by the night of Sunday, Sept. 27, according to park officials.
The exact time of the collapse is unknown. The National Park Service said it could have occurred while the park was temporarily closed during Tropical Storm Nolo.
The arch extended from steep sea cliffs into the Pacific Ocean and stood approximately 90 feet tall. It was carved into a roughly 550-year-old ancient lava flow through differential erosion, in which waves gradually wear away layers of rock of varying hardness.
Its disappearance may be dramatic, but it was not entirely unexpected.
The National Park Service had previously described Hōlei Sea Arch as a temporary formation with a limited lifespan, noting that the same relentless erosion that created the landmark would eventually cause it to crumble into the ocean.
The coastline surrounding Hōlei Sea Arch had also shown signs of instability for years.
Earthquakes associated with the 2018 Kīlauea eruption and summit collapse damaged cliffs near the arch. New cracks and instability led officials to close the original viewing area in January 2020, with a new viewing area farther from the cliff edge opening that March.
Later in 2020, massive surf from Tropical Storm Darby broke a chunk of rock from the lower portion of the arch.
While Hōlei Sea Arch disappeared during the period surrounding Tropical Storm Nolo, park officials have not said that the storm caused the collapse.
The National Park Service is now warning visitors to stay away from unstable cliff edges near the former arch. Officials said photos circulating on social media have shown people entering the closed area, potentially putting both themselves and first responders at risk.
The dramatic before-and-after images show just how much the coastline has changed. Where the enormous arch once extended into the Pacific, visitors now see the jagged remnants of the sea cliff.
The transformation is also part of a natural process that continues along Hawaii’s volcanic coastline.
According to the National Park Service, sea arches form when waves repeatedly strike sea cliffs and caves, gradually eroding weaker rock. But that erosion doesn’t stop once an arch forms. Waves continue attacking the remaining rock until the bridge eventually collapses.
Other sea arches can eventually form as the coastline continues to retreat and evolve.
For visitors hoping to see what remains of Hōlei Sea Arch, park officials are emphasizing that the surrounding cliffs remain unstable and could collapse without warning.
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