More than 200 years after being sunk by Admiral Horatio Nelson and the British fleet, a Danish warship has been discovered on the seabed of Copenhagen harbour by marine archaeologists.
Working in thick sediment and almost zero visibility 15 metres (49 feet) beneath the waves, divers are in a race against time to unearth the 19th-century wreck of the Dannebroge before it becomes a construction site in a new housing district being built off the Danish coast.
Denmark’s Viking Ship Museum, which is leading the months-long underwater excavations, announced its findings on Thursday, 225 years to the day since the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801.
“It’s a big part of the Danish national feeling,” said Morten Johansen, the museum’s head of maritime archaeology.
A map of the wreck of the Danish flagship. Photograph: James Brooks/APA great deal had been written about the battle “by very enthusiastic spectators, but we actually don’t know how it was to be onboard a ship being shot to pieces by English warships and some of that story we can probably learn from seeing the wreck”, Johansen said.
In the Battle of Copenhagen, Nelson and the British fleet attacked and defeated Denmark’s navy as it formed a protective blockade outside the harbour. Thousands were killed and wounded during the brutal hours-long naval clash, considered one of Nelson’s “great battles”. The intention was to force Denmark out of an alliance of northern European powers including Russia, Prussia and Sweden.
At the centre of the fighting was the Danish flagship, the Dannebroge, commanded by Commodore Olfert Fischer.
The 48-metre (157ft) Dannebroge was Nelson’s main target. Cannon fire tore through its upper deck before incendiary shells sparked a fire onboard.
A cannon thought to be from the Dannebroge. Photograph: James Brooks/AP“[It was] a nightmare to be onboard one of these ships,” Johansen said. “When a cannonball hits a ship, it’s not the cannonball that does the most damage to the crew, it’s wooden splinters flying everywhere, very much like grenade debris.”
The battle is also believed to have inspired the phrase “to turn a blind eye”. After deciding to ignore a superior’s signal, Nelson, who had lost sight in his right eye, reportedly remarked: “I have only one eye, I have a right to be blind sometimes.”
Nelson eventually offered a truce and a ceasefire was later agreed with Denmark’s Crown Prince Frederik. The stricken Dannebroge slowly drifted northward and exploded. Records say the sound created a deafening roar across Copenhagen.
Marine archaeologists have discovered two cannons, uniforms, insignia, shoes, bottles and even part of a sailor’s lower jaw – perhaps belonging to one of the 19 unaccounted-for crew members who probably lost their lives that day.
Part of a human lower jawbone recovered from the wreck. Photograph: James Brooks/APThe dig site will soon be enveloped by construction work for Lynetteholm, a mega-project to build a new housing district in the middle of Copenhagen harbour that is expected to be completed by 2070.
Marine archaeologists began surveying the area late last year, targeting a spot thought to match the flagship’s final position.
Experts say the sizes of the wooden parts found match old drawings. Dendrochronological dating – using tree rings to establish the age of wood – ties the wreck to the year the ship was built. The darkened dig site is also full of cannonballs – a hazard for divers navigating waters darkened by clouds of silt stirred up from the seabed.
“Sometimes you can’t see anything, and then you really have to just feel your way, look with your fingers instead of with your eyes,” the diver and maritime archaeologist Marie Jonsson said.
Chronicled in books and painted on canvases, the 1801 battle is deeply embedded in Denmark’s national story.
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