Hitler’s ‘micropenis and ADHD’ revealed by DNA testing – key claims examined ...Middle East

Adolf Hitler’s DNA has been sequenced for a Channel 4 documentary, which found genetic support for claims he had a small penis and only one testicle.

Scientists also found Hitler had a high genetic propensity to several psychiatric or developmental conditions, including autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, according to the two-part programme, Hitler’s DNA: Blueprint of a dictator.

The analysis was done on a blood from a stain left on a couch in Hitler’s Berlin bunker after he shot himself at the end of the Second World War in 1945. Hitler’s body had been burned after death, on his orders.

But an American colonel cut out a patch of the bloodstained couch material and brought it home. It ended up in a history museum, and the Channel 4 programme makers got permission to remove a small sample for analysis.

It is possible for DNA to survive for 80 years – in fact DNA that is hundreds or even thousands of years old has been successfully sequenced.

The question of whether the genetic material really came from Hitler was answered by comparing the Y chromosome – part of DNA that is passed down unaltered through male descendents – to one of Hitler’s known male relatives. This showed the bloodstain was indeed from the German dictator.

While the Berlin DNA sample probably is legitimate, there is debate how much we can tell about Hitler from his genome. Here, The i Paper scrutinises all the health claims from the documentary.

Micropenis

The most striking finding is that Hitler had a genetic mutation that gave him a disorder of sexual development, involving abnormal genitals and low testosterone.

The mutation he had was in one of the two copies of a gene called PROK2, which leads to low levels of a hormone made by the brain called GnRH, a condition known as Kallmann syndrome. But there is a range of severity.

Low GnRH as the baby develops in the womb means the testicles make no testosterone, which leads to a smaller penis. Some men with Kallman have an extremely small penis, others less so. A micropenis is defined as an adult penis size of less than 9.3 centimetres in length, when stretched.

It is impossible to know how much Hitler was affected, said Dr Sasha Howard, a paediatric endocrinologist at Queen Mary University of London. “There’s definitely a spectrum,” she said.

But there is another clue that Hitler may have been noticeably less well endowed. Hitler served in the army during the First World War and some of his fellow soldiers recall him being mocked for the small size of his penis, the Channel 4 documentary claims.

One testicle

This claim may be no surprise to anyone who has heard the Second World War song about Hitler having only one ball.

It might have been thought British propaganda. But it was confirmed in 2010 when medical records were released from a German prison where Hitler spent time in 1923 after a failed coup.

Those records said that his right testicle was undescended, in other words, present in his abdomen rather than his scrotum.

Having one or two testicles undescended is quite common in babies – but it can also be a sign of Kallman syndrome. Although the fact that Hitler had one mutated and one normal gene, could put him at the milder end of the Kallman spectrum, said Howard.

“In full Kallmann syndrome, the classic thing is that you have two undescended testes and a very small penis. But there’s definitely a spectrum, and we see patients that have one undescended testicle and some deficiency of their hormones, but maybe not the full syndrome.”

Low sex drive

Records suggest that Hitler had a low sex drive. Most high-ranking German officers at the time had wives, mistresses and other sexual relationships.

Hitler is not known to have had many such liaisons, except in his later years, with Eva Braun, who he married shortly before they both killed themselves.

This may have been because he had low testosterone caused by Kallman syndrome, Professor Jorma Toppari, a physiologist at the University of Turku in Finland says in the documentary. “He might have not had sexual desire, because that’s the specific symptom of lack of testosterone.

Tellingly, Hitler is known to have received injections of testosterone in the last year of so of his life. Hitler may have benefited from them but doctors could not have known of his genetic condition. It was only named in 1944, by Jewish psychiatrist Franz Josef Kallmann, who had fled Germany a few years earlier.

Autism and ADHD

Autism is a condition of impaired communication abilities. In ADHD, people tend to be impulsive, hyperactive and have difficulties concentrating.

In most people these conditions are caused not by a single gene but by hundreds of genes contributing to a raised risk.

If someone’s DNA has been sequenced, scientists can now calculate the cumulative effect of all of these genes to give a “polygenic risk score” for their genetic likelihood of either of these conditions.

Hitler had a high risk score for both the conditions. But we should not read too much into that, as so far we have discovered only a small fraction of the genes that contribute to autism or ADHD and so the scores are poorly predictive.

Our brain wiring is affected by other factors too, said Professor Sir Simon Baron-Cohen, an autism researcher at the University of Cambridge. “We know that genes don’t operate in isolation, they operate in an environment.”

Polygenic risk scores tell us less about Hitler than what we know from historical records, said Dr Nicholas Wright, a neuroscientist at University College London. “The fact that one has a predisposition to ADHD genetically, doesn’t necessarily mean anything for how we live our lives,” he said.

Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

Hitler was also found to have high polygenic risk scores for bipolar disorder – also known as manic depression – and schizophrenia. In fact, Hitler’s doctor diagnosed him with manic depression in 1943.

This might explain some of his poor military decisions towards the end of the war, said Professor Alex Kay, an expert on Nazi Germany at the University of Potsdam. “Hitler increasingly resorts to haranguing those around him, dictating to them, flying off the handle. It became virtually impossible for these military advisors to disagree with him if they didn’t want to incur his wrath.”

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Yet the fact Hitler did not show any noticeable signs of schizophrenia, symptoms of which include hallucinations and delusions shows the limitations of genetic risk score predictions, said Dr Wright.

“Until 1941 he was extremely successful at many things – although of course, he was an awful human being. There will be lots of things about him that were slightly extreme, but clearly he functioned very effectively.”

“I don’t think the technology is quite there yet to tell us anything enormously interesting [about personality] at this point.”

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