In a purported major milestone for quantum computing, the experiments show how these machines could perform useful computational tasks, such as computing chemical reactions, within minutes. By comparison, a supercomputer would take years.
At a July 28 news conference, representatives from IBM, Algorithmiq, Qedma, and the University of Chicago described three experiments demonstrating quantum advantage over classical computers in three different challenges.
The first study, conducted in partnership with Qedma, investigated the Floquet transverse-field Ising model, a system physicists use to study how a material's magnetic properties evolve when rhythmically driven by external pulses. This is an extremely difficult problem for classical computers because the model's math becomes exponentially more difficult to process as the problem scales. Scientists published the study, which has not been peer-reviewed, on the arXiv preprint server July 27.
When physicists use a classical supercomputer to run the model — in this case, the Fugaku supercomputer in Kobe, Japan — they have some trust that the results will be computed correctly and without significant error.
Scientists can compare a classical supercomputer's results with those of a quantum computer using the Floquet transverse-field Ising model, but only to a certain point. When the classical computer reaches the limit of its ability to compute complex problems, the quantum computer still has plenty of runway left.
These experiments were powered by IBM's Quantum Heron R3 superconducting quantum computer system. (Image credit: IBM)
"You want to perform computations that outperform classical, right? But you've relied on classical results for the longest time," he said. "So when you now begin to outperform, or you go beyond classical, how do you know you had the right result? This is a question that's independent of application. For any computation that you want to do, you want to [ask], 'OK, is this really something that I can trust?"
Once the results matched, they cranked up the difficulty until the classical computer could not keep up. Then, to replicate the results, they brought in additional quantum computers.
"We measured the same circuit on five different quantum computers," Kandala told Live Science, including a superconducting quantum computer from IBM Boston and another at IBM Pittsburgh.
Quantum building blocks
In the second experiment, conducted by IBM and Algorithmiq, researchers applied the Floquet transverse-field Ising model to a different set of problems and used a different method for error mitigation. As the researchers scaled the problem on both the classical and quantum computers, the classical systems began to produce inconsistent results. The quantum systems, by contrast, maintained consistency at measured intervals, thus demonstrating verifiable outputs, the team reported in a preprint paper posted to arXiv July 28.
The nature of the experiment allowed physicists to guarantee error mitigation at complexities beyond what a classical supercomputer could handle. Any computations run through the circuit — even those that would be impossible for a classical computer — would be trustworthy by design.
RELATED STORIESBased on these three technical papers and other press information provided by IBM, it appears that each of the experiments demonstrated a clear quantum advantage over classical computers. Whether it will stay that way, however, remains to be seen.
IBM and its partners said they expect classical computer scientists to try disproving their claims.
"The classical back-and-forth — that'll keep going on, I think," Kandala said. "And that should; that's how science progresses. And that's precisely [why we have] the Quantum Advantage Tracker, a benchmark for measuring quantum advantage. "A lot of these problems have been on the tracker for a while now," Kandala said, "and I'm sure getting the papers out will get more eyes on it."
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