As this in-depth explainer from Adaptive Security describes, most emails are encrypted in transit via Transport Layer Security (TLS), which prevents anyone from reading your message as it travels from server to server. However, encryption is temporarily stripped at each server: content is received and processed in plaintext and then re-encrypted when it leaves, meaning it could be read, logged, and distributed by the server provider.
By contrast, with end-to-end encryption (E2EE), emails are readable only on the sender's and recipient's devices, and can be decrypted only with the recipient's private key. They're never translated into plaintext as they pass between and through servers to their destination, meaning that no one—including server providers, hackers, or law enforcement—can view the content. It's worth noting, though, that E2EE is not impenetrable nor a total guarantee of privacy. For example, metadata like subject lines and email addresses may remain in plaintext, and encrypted messages are still susceptible to phishing. Plus, forwarding an encrypted message breaks the encryption.
Add third-party encryption to your existing email
If you have an account with a major email provider like Gmail, Outlook, or Apple Mail, you can add a third-party tool that layers an encryption protocol like OpenPGP on top of your existing account. PCMag recommends PreVeil, SecureMyEmail, and Virtru (which is limited to Gmail users in Chrome) for those who want to keep their current emails. Mailvelope is a browser add-on (and therefore a desktop-only tool) available in Chrome, Firefox, and Edge, though it can also be installed on other browsers, like Brave, that are built on the same architecture. FlowCrypt integrates with Gmail and Google Workspace on desktop and mobile.
Switch to a dedicated encrypted email provider
For those who are willing to start fresh with a new email address (or who have a custom domain), providers like Proton Mail or Tuta offer native end-to-end encryption. The caveat: by default, this is only between users on the same service, so from one Proton user to another. If you want to send an end-to-end encrypted email from Proton to a Gmail user, for example, you have to set up password protection (and share the password via another secure channel) or use a PGP-compatible tool like those listed above. You can also Proton's Gmail integration does allow for end-to-end encryption, but only if both Gmail parties are using the Proton integration.
The bottom line here is that email wasn't designed to be a highly secure form of communication. End-to-end encryption does add a layer of privacy and security if you jump through hoops to set it up, but it's still susceptible to human error and social engineering.
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