California redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests are among the largest aboveground carbon stores on the planet. These towering trees are native to central and northern California, and evolved to take advantage of the region's historically mild weather. In recent decades, their range has contracted significantly. But climate change is threatening the health and function of these forests.
Photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae and some bacteria to turn sunlight into energy. It chemically converts carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen.
From 2022 to 2024, Klinek and colleagues measured how the leaves of redwoods in Garcia River Forest in Mendocino County responded to the heat. Once or twice a month, the researchers took three different California redwood leaf samples and measured their fluorescence and temperature.
The researchers wrapped a fourth leaf in tinfoil for 20 minutes to put it in a state of "rest" before taking the same measurements. "When they're in a state of rest, we expose them to a pulse of light that’s in the wavelength they would use for photosynthesis to see what would be their maximum photosynthetic rate," Klinek said.
Many plants' leaves manage their temperature and photosynthesis by opening or closing their stomata, which are tiny pores on their surface. These stomata (from the Greek word for mouth) regulate the amount of carbon dioxide entering the plant, and how much oxygen and water vapor it releases. Lower carbon dioxide intake leads to reduced photosynthesis, meaning the plant has less energy.
To further investigate the impact of heat on leaf physiology, the researchers took California redwood leaf samples back to the laboratory and exposed them to a range of temperatures while they were in water. Despite their access to water, the leaves still photosynthesized less as they got hotter, even though their stomata were open, Klinek said.
"It is not only stomatal closure that is causing reduced photosynthesis," Lucy Rowland, an ecologist at the University of Exeter in the U.K. who was not involved in the study, told Live Science in an email. "These trees are already suffering from the direct effects of heat on their photosynthetic systems."
Related storiesThe finding has serious implications for the future of redwoods and similar plants. "The points at which this damage becomes irreversible remains really poorly understood, but is something which is really essential to understand if we want to predict how our future climate is going to impact plants," she said.
"We're not sure to what extent the effect that we saw is a reversible stress response and if they are sustaining damage from this constant stress," she said. Researchers need more data to "really get a better sense, beyond the leaf scale, how these ecosystems are responding to heat and drought," she added.
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