The facial reconstruction is based on the Punin-2 skull, which a farmer discovered in a ravine near the town of Punín in the Chimborazo region of Ecuador's central Andes in the 1970s.
As a result, scientists proposed in 1925 that the first Punin skull was evidence of Oceanic ancestry, possibly through ancient contact with people from Australia or the Pacific Islands.
But later studies challenged these ideas, and the new facial reconstruction indicates the Punin-2 skull belonged to a modern human man with purely Native American ancestry.
Rynn's colleagues in Ecuador shared their access to the skull, and he started working on its reconstruction last year. The Punin-1 skull is now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
The facial reconstruction from the Punin-2 skull shows an Indigenous American man, roughly in his 50s, who died more than 3,000 years ago. (Image credit: Dr Chris Rynn, University of Dundee)When the Punin-2 skull was discovered, researchers suggested it might be the same age as fossils of extinct ice age animals found in the ravine, including mastodons and giant sloths, that were dated to the Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). Similar claims were made about the Punin-1 skull.
Rather, it appears the Punin-2 individual lived as a hunter-gatherer in the Chimborazo region between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago. According to recent anthropological and osteological studies, the man was aged about 50 when he died.
Dr Chris Rynn, University of DundeeDr Chris Rynn, University of Dundee
"The hairstyle is very specific," Rynn said. "If it's wrong, it looks like a different tribe."
Although this reconstruction is digital, it shows the muscles and tissues of the man who lived as a hunter-gatherer more than 3,000 years ago. (Image credit: Dr Chris Rynn, University of Dundee)
Faces from the past
Facial reconstructions have been carried out from the remains of hundreds of ancient humans, because archaeologists think these faces provide an important connection to people who might otherwise exist only as old bones.
Related storiesRynn has also worked on the reconstruction of a Neanderthal face from about 50,000 years ago. He uses techniques developed at the University of Manchester in the 1970s that are now known as the "Manchester Method," although they are actually a combination of techniques from all around the world, he said.
The digital face has been presented to a select group of people from the Chimborazo region who are likely to be the man's descendants. "It's a portrait of their actual ancestor," Rynn said. "They seem to like it!"
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