Shunkai is the first full-stack system of its kind in Japan, meaning it features the software, control and hardware layers needed to read user inputs and return a result — not unlike a conventional PC. In theory, that means it should be easier for researchers to get some meaningful use out of the machine, with the team behind Shunkai planning to open it up to external users over the coming years.
The team behind the new machine plans to integrate it into an existing shared supercomputing facility to create a quantum-GPU hybrid computing center.
However, qubits are notoriously fragile. Even minor environmental interference can destabilize or destroy the information they contain, making accuracy an ongoing challenge in the world of quantum computing. The error rate in qubits is thought to be roughly 1 in 1,000, compared with around 1 per billion or even 1 per trillion operations in classical computing bits.
The broad aim is to create higher-quality qubits and then scale up the number of qubits in a system so quantum computers can finally compete with the world's fastest supercomputers.
A more reliable quantum system?
Shunkai, named after 17th-century Japanese astronomer Harumi Shibukawa, shirks at least some of those constraints. Rather than using supercooled circuitry, Japan's new system incorporates neutral atoms as qubits, captured and suspended using "optical tweezers."
Importantly, Shunkai's use of neutral atoms as qubits instead of superconducting circuits means it can operate at room temperature. Because the arrangement of qubits in neutral-atom systems can be fine-tuned during calculations, researchers can also adjust which qubits interact with each other and create entanglement — a bizarre state of information sharing between particles over time and space — between different pairs.
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The quantum system will initially operate with around 50 qubits before expanding to roughly 500. The longer-term goal is considerably more ambitious: By March 2031, the team aims to scale Shunkai into a "large-scale, high-performance neutral-atom fault-tolerant quantum computer, with 10,000 physical qubits and quantum error detection and correction capabilities." Doing so would place it comfortably above the 6,100-qubit, neutral atom array demonstrated by Caltech researchers in October 2025.
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