“There was a little concern that maybe these vaccines will not turn out to be quite as potent as they appeared,” says Dr. Edward Walsh, a professor of medicine at the University of Rochester. The trials had rolled out in the later phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, when there wasn’t as much RSV circulating as usual, which made some researchers wonder how later studies would play out.
Since the rollout, a handful of studies have looked at the effectiveness of these two vaccines, which are made by GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer. “These have all—very interestingly, and comfortingly—really paralleled and mimicked the exact results of the efficacy trials,” says Walsh, who was not involved in the new study. But this new work examines the entire U.S. population over 65 who are enrolled in Medicare, which is “vastly greater than the other studies,” he says. So these results are particularly reassuring. In general, both vaccines performed similarly.
Do people need RSV vaccine boosters?
One of the big questions now is whether and when to give people another shot, says Walsh. Many of the people in the target population received them in the first year they were available, so much so that an RSV vaccine released in 2024, Moderna’s mRNA version, saw less uptake, he says.
While this new study confirms that these RSV vaccines protect against the worst outcomes of the virus, work to develop vaccines against other viruses, such as parainfluenza, is ongoing. And there could be more broad-spectrum options available someday.
“It may very well be that the ultimate goal would be some sort of a respiratory vaccine that would cover multiple viruses,” Walsh speculates. “One of the thoughts is, well, maybe you can stimulate the innate immune system in a non-specific way such that it would prevent any viral infection.” Working from the observation that having one virus often protects people from getting another, researchers have been delving into new ways of inducing immunity. “These are the kinds of things that immunologists are thinking about,” he says.
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