According to a study published July 22 in the journal Nature, researchers confirmed the tumors are a transmissible cancer, meaning the cancer cells themselves spread directly between fish, behaving less like a typical tumor and more like a parasite. It's only the fourth time this kind of contagious cancer has ever been documented in any animal on Earth, following prior cases in dogs, Tasmanian devils, and several species of clams.
The cancer shows up as raised black lesions and lumpy tumors on the fish's skin. Tom Jones, a fish biologist with the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, said anglers have described the growths in visceral terms for years, with one describing a "black tar-like substance" that came off in his hands while handling a fish. A survey conducted between 2014 and 2017 found that between a quarter and a third of all brown bullhead in the lake had the growths.
Scientists still don't know exactly how the cancer spreads between fish, though Dragon suspects it may be tied to spawning season, when the bullhead gather in large groups. "We think that it is something that they're exposed to maybe at maturation when they spawn and they gather together in these big aggregate groups," she said.
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