It was the highest level meeting between the two sides since the 1979 revolution in Iran, with talks running through the night.
On offer from the United States was a grand bargain: the lifting of sanctions on Iran, bringing the country fully into the international community, even a partnership. Washington wanted to test if the Iranian command, after seeing the destruction from six weeks of war and the killing of its Supreme Leader, would now bend to its will, experts said.
Pakistani officials were working frantically to salvage the talks, with the Iranian side remaining behind to confer with Pakistani mediators for some hours after U.S. Vice President JD Vance left with the U.S. delegation.
“We will not for a moment cease our efforts to consolidate the achievements of the forty days of Iran’s national defense,” Qalibaf said in a post on X.
A U.S. official told TIME that Iran did not agree to several “red lines” set by the Trump Administration, including an end to all uranium enrichment, the dismantling of all major enrichment facilities, and the removal of Iran’s stockpile of highly enriched uranium from the country.
Kamran Bokhari, senior resident fellow at the Middle East Policy Council, a think tank in Washington, said that U.S. demands on nuclear matters left no face-saving for the Iranian side, which viewed the nuclear program as a matter of pride. He saw the departure of the U.S. team as a “classic walk-out move,” from Trump’s negotiating playbook.
Pakistan’s powerful army chief Asim Munir has been key to his country’s role as mediator. Munir has built a rapport with Donald Trump, who has described him as “his favorite field marshal.” But Munir also knows the leadership of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, since he served as head of military intelligence a decade ago, said Muhammad Saeed, a retired three-star Pakistani general.
“Nobody from the two sides has said that they are done with this process and that it is dead,” said Saeed.
Iran’s semi-official Fars News Agency quoted an Iranian official saying that the U.S. was making “excessive demands” on the Strait of Hormuz.
Trump has floated the idea of joint U.S.-Iranian administration of the Strait. Tehran rejected the idea, which surfaced in the talks, saying that it was in the territorial waters of Iran and Oman, and those two countries should manage it.
The venue was the sprawling Serena Hotel, an oasis within what is already a bubble provided by Islamabad, a leafy city of broad boulevards that feels detached from the rest of Pakistan, an often chaotic country of 240 million people.
Iran’s spokesman Esmaeil Baqaei said that it was obvious that after a war, and years of mutual suspicion, a single negotiating session was never going to resolve all their differences. He said there was agreement on a range of issues, with two or three sticking points. Texts were exchanged between the two sides, he said.
"The Islamabad Talks laid the foundation for a diplomatic process that, if trust and will are strengthened, can create a sustainable framework for the interests of all parties," he said.
Sina Toossi, senior non-resident fellow at the Center for International Policy, a research and advocacy group in Washington, said that both sides had incentives to continue negotiating.
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