Donald Trump’s threat to destroy Iran’s energy network, and Tehran’s vow to retaliate in kind against its neighbours, could lead to dangerous escalation that devastates the Gulf area, according to regional experts and security analysts.
The US President issued an ultimatum on Saturday night, warning Iran to open the Strait of Hormuz within 48 hours or the US would “obliterate” Iranian power plants “starting with the biggest one first”.
Iran said it would hit back even harder if its fuel facilities come under fire.
Mohammad-Bagher Ghalibaf, Iran’s parliament speaker, said on Sunday: “Immediately after the power plants and infrastructure in our country are targeted, the critical infrastructure, energy infrastructure, and oil facilities throughout the region will be considered legitimate targets and will be destroyed in an irreversible manner.”
The regime has further threatened to strike at desalination plants that provide the vast majority of drinking water across several Gulf countries.
Iran’s distributed power network
A US assault on Iran’s civilian power grid would mark a clear violation of international law, experts say.
“Attacking electrical infrastructure is a war crime,” said Kenneth Roth, former executive director of Human Rights Watch. “The harm an attack does to the civilian population is disproportionate to any legitimate military effect.
“The International Criminal Court has already charged four Russian military commanders for committing this war crime in Ukraine. It would equally be a war crime if Trump orders it in Iran.”
The Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, a hawkish Washington think-tank whose research the White House has often cited, has drawn up a list of potential energy targets, including Iran’s two largest oil refineries, in Isfahan and Abadan.
But experts question if an attack would have the devastating effect Trump is seeking.
Professor HA Hellyer, a Middle East specialist at the Royal United Services Institute, said: “Iran’s electricity distribution net is fairly well-developed, which means that if he takes out certain nodes then others will still continue, so I’m not sure that it’s going to be as effective as he thinks it would be.”
Esfandyar Batmanghelidj, an expert on the Iranian economy and head of the Bourse and Bazaar think-tank, suggested other parties would suffer more in an energy war.
“Iran has nearly 500 power plants, Israel has around 50,” he said. “The largest Iranian plant, the Damavand Combined Cycle plant, accounts for about four per cent of Iran’s total capacity. Israel’s largest plant, Orot Rabin, accounts for 20 per cent of electricity production.”
Attacks on Iranian fuel sites could have disastrous health and environmental effects. Iran’s Red Crescent warned that toxic chemicals spread by Israeli strikes on oil depots in the second week of the war could damage the skin and lungs, and described rainfall in the area as “highly dangerous and acidic”.
But Iran could be in a position to inflict deeper damage on other countries in response – as well as the global economy.
Black clouds from an Israeli strike on an oil storage facility near Tehran (Photo: Vahid Salemi/AP)Gulf states ‘have more to lose’
Regime-aligned media posted a graphic on Sunday with a list of key energy sites across the region with the message: “Say goodbye to electricity.”
The list included the Saudi Ras Tanura oil facility that typically produces 550,000 barrels a day, and the world’s largest gas field, the Ras Laffan complex in Qatar.
Dr Kristian Ulrichsen, a Gulf analyst at the Baker Institute, said: “There is a clear risk that a US attack on energy sites in Iran will be used by Tehran as a pretext for Iranian retaliatory attacks against critical energy and other infrastructure in the Gulf States, in a mutually destructive ratcheting up of the escalatory ladder.”
Iran would be likely to target “nodes of the oil sector” such as terminals at Fujairah and Yanbu that have been used to bypass the Strait of Hormuz, he said, adding that Iran could seek to activate Yemeni allies, the Houthis, to resume attacks on Red Sea shipping.
“Increased attacks on refineries would also do significant and potentially lasting damage to domestic infrastructure across the Gulf States,” said Ulrichsen.
Iran has been striking energy sites across the region throughout the conflict, including targets in Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates this week after Israel bombed Iran’s South Pars gas field.
The Jubail desalination plant in Abu Dhabi, UAE (Photo: abayliss/Getty)But Abdullah Baabood, an Oman-based political analyst and visiting scholar at the University of Cambridge, said Tehran “still has a lot more to hit if they want to”.
“If Trump carries out his threat, there will be many infrastructure projects that are vulnerable,” he said. “I think the devastation will be huge and Iran will not stop because this is a war for their existence so they don’t have much to lose. This is a scary moment.”
But the effects of targeting desalination plants could prove even more devastating.
Both Bahrain and Qatar are fully reliant on desalinated water, with the former reserving 100 per cent of its groundwater for contingency plans.
Desalinated water accounts for more than 80 per cent of drinking water in the UAE and 50 per cent in Saudi Arabia. These countries, as well as Oman and Kuwait, are home to many of its largest desalination plants.
Baabood said that destroying those plants could render the areas they supply “unliveable”.
“Each country has a different level of dependency. Saudi Arabia is in a better position,” he said. “But the rest are dependent on desalination, for all of their economic plans and the people living there.”
“(Targeting desalination) is the most critical thing that Iran could do. And I think they will go there.”
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