Pipeline Gaps and Refinery Shifts Expose California’s Energy Vulnerability ...Middle East

The United States produces more crude oil than any country in history, pumping more than 13.5 million barrels per day. On paper, that suggests a high level of energy security. But energy security for different states depends on infrastructure and access. For the 39 million residents of California, independence is largely geographic fiction. If the Strait of Hormuz remains constrained, attention will focus on Asia’s large crude importers. Yet a close look at U.S. pipeline maps and refinery configurations shows that California is uniquely exposed…

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