Then in 2022, Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and those same civil protection units embarked on a seismic shift, training and preparing for a possible invasion.
Finland and Sweden abandoned longstanding policies of neutrality to join Nato in response to Russia’s invasion – Finland in 2023 and Sweden a year later. Norway, Denmark and Iceland have been part of the alliance since its inception in 1949.
Norwegian Home Guard soldiers of the 17th District Company ‘Ida and Lyra’, part of the rapid mobilisation force within the Norwegian Armed Forces, participate in a military exercise above the Arctic Circle (Photo: Jonathan Nackstrand/ AFP)Norway, Finland, Sweden and Denmark all employ forms of military conscription. Although Sweden wound down its preparedness after the Cold War, Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 prompted it to reintroduce conscription, and Denmark recently extended the draft to include women.
Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson announces an increase in defence spending of 300 billion kronor (£22 billion) over the next decade in March 2025 (Photo: Jessica Gow/TT / AFP)
Last year, Sweden issued a new version of its “If Crisis or War Comes” pamphlet to include advice and information on how to survive air raids, cyberattacks, psychological warfare and even fake news. Physical copies of the 32-page guide were sent to more than five million Swedish households.
Finland has begun establishing a national system of reserve bank accounts that would give Finns access to their savings if their bank was unable to operate.
The training tests volunteers ability to cope with Finland’s severe weather conditions (Photo: Aki Aunala/Women’s National Emergency Preparedness Association)
Norwegian authorities say they are preparing for conflict scenarios, particularly in the High North near the Russian border.
In a nation of just 5.5 million, the civilian population must play a part in supporting emergency services. Norway’s Civil Defence provides training in firefighting and supporting the police.
The Finnish Women’s Defence League offers 40 different training programmes (Photo: Aki Aunala/Women’s National Emergency Preparedness Association)
“I was appointed commissioner three years ago, and up until that point, I don’t think there’s been any exercise for 40 years where the military and the Civil Defence Forces exercise together. We do that now,” he says.
Any operation carried out in the Arctic brings unique challenges. Extreme weather, sparse populations and limited infrastructure mean few resources to call on for logistical support, said Dr Karsten Friis, a security professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
The Itakeskus underground swimming pool in Helsinki, Finland, which can serve as a bomb shelter (Photo: Alessandro Rampazzo / AFP)“If you need to forward deploy assets quite substantially at an early phase before conflict, it can be challenging for political reasons because it can be considered escalatory,” says Dr Friis.
The country’s security model relies on national defence courses, organised by the military, which bring together trainees from across society – including politics, media, culture, and critical infrastructure workers – for weeks-long exercises.
Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Store and Norwegian Minister of Justice and Emergency Situations Emilie Enger Mehl present the White Paper on total preparedness in January (Photo: Rodrigo Freitas / NTB / AFP)The League’s organisation and communications manager, Suvi Aksela, said her team had been overwhelmed by demand. “The whole of 2022 [after the invasion] was crazy. Women were calling, emailing and messaging. It was coming from every angle,” she said.
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“That just tells you something about the interest at the time,” added Aksela.
Just a few months ago, when the association opened registrations for its latest courses, demand spiked and reached levels not seen since the first days of the Russian invasion. Within minutes of allowing applications, the majority of programmes reached capacity.
Finland also holds a National Preparedness Day each year on 7 February, which encourages households to store enough basic supplies, and to be proficient in emergency skills such as first aid, with an underlying message that preparedness is a civic responsibility.
Workshops have an underlying message that preparedness is a civic responsibility (Photo: Aki Aunala/Women’s National Emergency Preparedness Association)What Britain can learn
“Obviously it’s a different kind of environment,” she said, acknowledging the proximity to Russia was one major factor in the difference.
Defence Secretary John Healey speaks with young national service soldiers at the Norway/Russia border (Photo: Leon Neal/Getty Images)On a visit to the Norway-Russia border in February this year, UK Defence Secretary John Healey set out plans to establish a comprehensive defence agreement aimed at deepening military collaboration in the face of escalating Russian aggression.
“The most important defence line is between our ears. The mentality and the willingness to do things for your country is something that obviously, alongside the skills, would be useful for the women in the UK, too.”
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