Moon offers key insights into lunar geology. Formed from molten rock during ancient volcanic eruptions, these sub-sand-grain beads act as time capsules, preserving crucial data about the Moon's volcanic history and interior conditions.
Apollo astronauts first set foot on the lunar surface, they expected to find grey rocks and dust. What they didn't anticipate was discovering something that looked almost magical: tiny, brilliant orange glass beads scattered across the Moon's landscape like microscopic gems. These beads, each smaller than a grain of sand, are actually ancient time capsules from when the Moon was volcanically active billions of years ago. The beads formed some 3.3 to 3.6 billion years ago during volcanic eruptions on the surface of the then, young satellite.
Hawaii's famous lava fountains, but happening in the airless environment of space.
One of the most fascinating aspects of these beads is what they contain inside. These tiny glass beads capture internal gases that were never able to escape into space. Some of these beads also hold water, a feature that has intrigued scientists. Earlier studies of the Moon suggested it was bone-dry, but the discovery of water in these beads challenges that assumption. In fact, melt inclusions within these beads contain up to 1,410 parts per million of water, which is comparable to the water content in Earth’s upper mantle.
Each bead is less than 1mm across and contains elements like iron, magnesium and titanium. Scientists revealed that they were formed when magma was ejected during volcanic eruptions and rapidly cooled.
Researchers have employed advanced microscopic techniques to analyze the diverse colors and compositions of these beads . This analysis reveals varying styles of volcanic eruptions that occurred throughout the Moon's history, providing insights into its evolutionary processes. The pristine nature of these glass beads allows scientists to reconstruct past environmental conditions and understand how they shaped the lunar landscape . Consequently, this research not only enhances our knowledge about the Moon but also contributes to broader discussions regarding planetary formation and volcanism in extraterrestrial environments.
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