Previously, countries like the UK, US, France and Germany gave Ukraine long-range weapons on the condition they be fired only on Russian targets within Ukraine, with rare exceptions.
German Chancellor Friedrich Merz said on Monday that those constraints had been lifted, giving Kyiv a far wider selection of targets.
Germany’s Chancellor Friedrich Merz with Caption: Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelensky in Kyiv in May 2025 (Photo: Genya SAVILOV / AFP)The following day Merz said the change was implemented quietly, months before he publicised it.
Military bases
Russian military bases have been a high-profile target for the Ukrainian military, which wants to take out the sites Moscow uses to launch its own missiles and drones.
The Engels-2 airbase is one of Russia’s most strategically important military facilities. Located in the Saratov region, it serves as a key base for Russia’s long-range strategic bombers, including the Tu-95 and Tu-160. Disrupting operations there could significantly impact Russia’s ability to conduct long-range attacks.
The damage to Russia's Engels-2 airbase from Ukrainian drone strikes on the 19th of March has been revealed in new satellite imagery. Significant damage can be seen to multiple buildings; some have been reduced to craters. : @Maxar pic.twitter.com/IPH508jdbd
— Jimmy Rushton (@JimmySecUK) March 21, 2025The Morozovsk Air Base in the Rostov region, which supports fighter jets and bombers, has also been hit before by Ukrainian drones.
Ukrainian strikes have hit key naval bases such as Novorossiysk, aiming to disrupt Russia’s ability to launch naval operations and control the Black Sea.
A satellite image shows smoke billowing after a 2023 attack on a Russian base in Sevastopol in occupied Crimea, Ukraine (Photo: PLANET LABS PBC/Handout via REUTERS)As well as missiles, the Ukrainian military has deployed its innovative marine drones against Russian warships.
Oil refineries and depots
The attacks can both harm Russia’s economy and disrupt the supply of fuel to its military.
People run as smoke rises from an explosion in Ryazan, Russia, in January 2025 (Photo: Social Media/via REUTERS)The facility processes approximately 13.1 million metric tons of oil annually, accounting for nearly 5% of Russia’s total refining capacity, according to Reuters.
Ukrainian drones targeted industrial facilities across Russia late Sunday into early Monday morning, according to Russian media and researchers.
Drones struck a warehouse at the Dmitrievsky Chemical Plant in the Ivanovo region, it said, as well as plants in the Tula region manufacturing multiple launch rocket systems, grenade launchers, ammunition, guided and unguided missiles, the ISW said.
What’s in Ukraine’s arsenal?
They include US HIMARS launchers and their longer-range ATACMS missiles, as well as the Storm Shadow cruise missiles sent by the UK and France.
A 2017 photo of a US-made ATACMS in action (Photo: AFP)
“All of these weapons, if completely free to use, will help with hitting Russian forces massing in Russia, and their support logistics and headquarters, which also supply Russian forces inside Ukraine.”
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“Likely targets are anything the Russians are likely to have hardened with reinforced concrete – command posts and storage facilities for munitions and missiles like Kalibr,” some of which are in Crimea, he said.
“That said, as an air-launched missile, the range at which it can be launched and thus likely target set will be constrained by the threat the Russian air defence network poses to the launching aircraft.”
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