Dec. 12, 1870 2004 portrait of Joseph Rainey by Simmie Knox Credit: Collection of U.S. House of Representatives Joseph H. Rainey became the first Black lawmaker sworn into the U.S. House, where he served four terms. Born on a rice plantation in South Carolina, his father purchased the family’s freedom through money made as a barber. But during the Civil War, Rainey was forced to work for the Confederate cause. In 1862, he and his family escaped to Bermuda. When he returned to Charleston after the war, he became politically active and was elected to Congress. On April 1, 1871, he delivered his first major speech, arguing for the use of federal troops to protect southern Bl
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